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Pacing: a rate of activity, progress, growth, performance, etc.; tempo. |
سرعة النطق |
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Paeon: a foot of one long and three short syllables in any order. |
ثلاثي الانبر |
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Paleography: ancient forms of writing, as in documents and inscriptions. |
تدبيجية |
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Palatal(phon.): articulated with the blade of the tongue held close to or touching the hard palate. |
غاري |
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Palatalization: to articulate (a consonant other than a normal palatal) as a palatal or with relatively more contact between the blade of the tongue and the hard palate, as in certain pronunciations of the l-sound in million. |
مغور |
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Palatalized: pronounced with secondary palatal articulation. |
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Palate: the roof of the mouth, consisting of an anterior bony portion (hard palate) and a posterior muscular portion (soft palate) that separate the oral cavity from the nasal cavity. |
غار |
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Palatogram(phon.): a diagram or photograph obtained through palatography. |
رسم غاري |
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Palatography(phon.): a technique for observing the position of the tongue in relation to the palate during articulation, esp. by placing powder or dye on the palate and then noting the area from which it has been removed by the contact of the tongue with the palate during the production of a speech sound. |
غارية |
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Palilalia: a speech defect marked by abnormal repetition of syllables,words, or phrases. |
تأتأة |
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Palilogy: the technique of repeating a word or phrase for emphasis. |
تكرار |
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Palimpsest: a parchment or the like from which writing has been partially or completely erased to make room for another text. |
رق ممسوح |
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Palindrome: a word, line, verse, number, sentence, etc., reading the same backward as forward, as Madam, I'm Adam or Poor Dan is in a droop. |
جناح عكسي |
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Pangram: a sentence, verse, etc., that includes all the letters of the alphabet. |
جملة شمولية |
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Paracusis(path.): defective hearing. |
اضطراب السمع |
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Paradigm(gram.): a set of forms all of which contain a particular element, esp. the set of all inflected forms based on a single stem or theme. |
جدول |
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Paradox: a statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth. |
تناقض ظاهري |
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Paragoge: the addition of a sound or group of sounds at the end of a word, as in the nonstandard pronunciation of height as height-th or once as once-t. |
إقحام نهائي |
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Paragram: Puns, which he calls paragrams. --Addison. |
تحريف |
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Paragraph: a distinct portion of written or printed matter dealing with a particular idea, usually beginning with an indentation on a new line. |
فقرة |
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Paragraphing: a distinct portion of written or printed matter dealing with a particular idea, usually beginning with an indentation on a new line. |
تفقير |
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Paralanguage: vocal features that accompany speech and contribute to communication but are not generally considered to be part of the language system, as vocal quality, loudness, and tempo: sometimes also including facial expressions and gestures. |
لغة محاذية |
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Paralipsis: vocal features that accompany speech and contribute to communication but are not generally considered to be part of the language system, as vocal quality, loudness, and tempo: sometimes also including facial expressions and gestures. |
اثبات الواضح |
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Parallelism: the position or relation of parallels. |
تواز |
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Parameter: characteristic or factor; aspect; element: a useful parameter for judging long-term success. |
نطاق |
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Paraphasia: aphasia in which the patient uses wrong words or uses wordsor sounds in senseless combinations called also paragrammatism. |
حبسة استبدالية |
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Paraphrase: a restatement of a text or passage giving the meaning in another form, as for clearness; rewording. |
مناقلة |
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Parasynthesis(gramm.): the formation of a word by the addition of a derivational suffix to a phrase or compound, as of greathearted, which is great heart plus -ed. |
اشتقاق زوائيدي |
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Paratactic: the placing together of sentences, clauses, or phrases without a conjunctive word or words, as Hurry up, it is getting late! I came—I saw—I conquered. |
اردافي |
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Parataxis(gram.): the placing together of sentences, clauses, or phrases without a conjunctive word or words, as Hurry up, it is getting late! I came—I saw—I conquered. |
ارداف |
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Parenthesis: either or both of a pair of signs ( ) used in writing to mark off an interjected explanatory or qualifying remark, to indicate separate groupings of symbols in mathematics and symbolic logic, etc. |
فوسان |
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Parlance: a way or manner of speaking; vernacular; idiom: legal parlance. |
رطانة |
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Parole: the conditional release of a person from prison prior to the end of the maximum sentence imposed. |
الكلام |
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Paranomosia: the use of a word in different senses or the use of words similar in sound to achieve a specific effect, as humor or a dual meaning; punning. |
تورية |
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Paronym(gram.): a paronymous word. |
مشترك الجذر |
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Paroxytone: having an acute accent on the next to the last syllable. |
منبور ما قبل الآخر |
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Participle: called variously the present, active, imperfect, or progressive participle, is identical in form to the gerund, and indeed the term present participle is sometimes used to include the gerund. The term gerund-participle is also used. |
اسم فاعل\ مفعول |
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Pasigraph: writing system where each written symbol represents a concept rather than a word or sound or series of sounds in a spoken language. |
كتابة عامة |
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Past continuous: a describing actions and states continued in the past period of time. |
ماض متدرج |
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Past participle: verbs have two participles: |
اسم المفعول |
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- called variously the present, active, imperfect, or progressive participle, is identical in form to the gerund, and indeed the term present participle is sometimes used to include the gerund. The term gerund-participle is also used. |
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- called variously the past, passive, or perfect participle, is usually identical to the verb's preterite (past tense) form, though in irregular verbs the two usually differ. |
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Past perfect: perfective tense that exists in most Indo-European languages, used to refer to an event that has completed before another past action. |
ماض تام |
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Past tense: a verb tense expressing action, activity, state or being in the past of the current moment (in an absolute tense system), or prior to some other event, whether that is past, present, or future (in a relative tense system). |
صيغة الماضي |
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Pastiche: pastiche, work of art that combines themes and styles from various sources in such a way as to appear obviously derivative. |
معارضة |
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Patois: Variety of a language spoken by a group of people and having features of vocabulary, grammar, and/or pronunciation that distinguish it from other varieties of the same language. |
لهجة محلية |
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وقفة\ سكتة |
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portmanteau morph (gramm.): a phonological unit of more than one morpheme, as French au to (him) from a to + le masculine article, which realizes a preposition and the definite article; a single morph that is analyzed as representing two underlying morphemes. |
مورف مزدوج |
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Position (gramm.): condition with reference to place; location; situation. |
موقع |
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positive degree (gramm.): the primary form of an adjective or adverb; denotes a quality without qualification, comparison, or relation to increase or diminution. |
درجة غير مقارنة |
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possessive case (gramm.): the case expressing ownership. |
حالة الملكية |
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Postfix (gramm.): to affix at the end of something; append; suffix. |
لاحقة |
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Postponement (gramm.): to put off to a later time; defer: He has postponed his departure until tomorrow. |
تأخير |
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Postulates (ling.): to ask, demand, or claim. |
مسلمات |
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Potentiality (ling.): the state or quality of being potential |
احتمال |
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. Power (gramm.): ability to do or act; capability of doing or accomplishing something. |
قدرة |
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Powerful (gramm.): having or exerting great power or force. |
قدير |
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pragmatic theory (poet.): the theory of truth that the truth of a statement consists in its practical consequences, esp. in its agreement with subsequent experience. |
النظرية الرمزية |
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Pragmatics (semio.): Logic, Philosophy. the branch of semiotics dealing with the causal and other relations between words, expressions, or symbols and their users. |
علم الرموز التواصلي |
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prague school (ling.): a school of linguistics emphasizing structure, active in the 1920s and 1930s. |
مدرسة براغ |
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Preadaptation (comm.): a structure or property that developed in an ancestral stock and was useful in a descendant in a changed environment. |
نظرية ذرائعية |
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Precedence (gramm.): act or fact of preceding. |
سبق |
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Précis (app.): a concise summary. |
خلاصة |
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Predicate (gramm.): to proclaim; declare; affirm; assert. |
تكيف طبيعي |
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Predeterminer (gramm.): a member of a subclass of English adjectival words, often quantitative in meaning, that may be placed before an article or other determiner, as all in all the paintings or half in half her salary. |
سابق المحدد |
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primary verbs (gramm.): one of the three verbs, be, do, and have, that can function both as a main verb and an auxiliary verb. |
مسند |
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predicate adjective (gramm.): an adjective used in the predicate, esp. with a copulative verb and attributive to the subject, as in He is dead, or attributive to the direct object, as in It made him sick. |
نعت إسنادي |
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Principal (gramm.): first or highest in rank, importance, value, etc.; chief; foremost. |
مبدل منه |
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principal clause (gramm.): the main clause. |
أفعال رئيسية |
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principal parts (gramm.): a set of inflected forms of a form class from which all the other inflected forms can be derived, as sing, sang, sung; smoke, smoked. |
تصاريف رئيسية |
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Pen name: a name may be used if a writer's real name is likely to be confused with the name of another writer or notable individual, or if their real name is deemed to be unsuitable. |
اسم قلمي |
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Pentastich: a strophe, stanza, or poem consisting of five lines or verses. |
عبارة رئيسية |
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Penult: the next to the last syllable in a word. |
مقطع قبل الأخير |
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Perception: the act or faculty of apprehending by means of the senses or of the mind; cognition; understanding. |
خماسية |
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Perfect aspect: the perfect aspect is variously considered either an aspect or tense that calls a listener's attention to the consequences generated by an action, rather than just the action itself. |
ادراك |
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Perfect rhyme: rhyme of two words spelled or pronounced identically but differing in meaning, as rain, reign; rich rhyme. |
قافية تامة |
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Perfect tense: a tense of verbs used in describing action that has been completed. |
صيغة تامة |
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Perfective aspect: the aspect of a verb that expresses a completed action. |
هيئة التمام |
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Performance(ling.): the actual use of language in real situations, which may or may not fully reflect a speaker's competence, being subject to such nonlinguistic factors as inattention, distraction, memory lapses, fatigue, or emotional state. |
أداء |
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Performance testing: testing conducted to evaluate the compliance of a system or component with specified performance requirements |
اختبا الاداء |
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Period: a full pause, as is made at the end of a complete sentence; full stop. |
جملة أخيرة |
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Periphrasis: the use of an unnecessarily long or roundabout form of expression; circumlocution. |
اطناب |
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Permissible: that can be permitted; allowable: a permissible amount of sentimentality under the circumstances; Such behavior is not permissible! |
مباح |
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Permissive mood: a grammatical mood that indicates that the action is permitted. |
صيغة الاباحة |
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Person: a human being, whether man, woman, or child: The table seats four persons. |
شخص |
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Personal pronoun: any one of the pronouns used to refer to the speaker, or to one or more to or about whom or which he or she is speaking, as, in English, I, we, you, he, she, it, they. |
ضمير شخصي |
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Personification: the attribution of a personal nature or character to inanimate objects or abstract notions, esp. as a rhetorical figure. |
تجسيد |
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Pervasive: the attribution of a personal nature or character to inanimate objects or abstract notions, esp. as a rhetorical figure. |
انبثاث |
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Petroglyph: a drawing or carving on rock, made by a member of a prehistoric people. |
نقش حجري |
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Petrogram: a drawing or painting on rock, esp. one made by a member of a prehistoric people. |
نقش حجري |
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Petrography: the branch of petrology dealing with the description and classification of rocks, esp. by microscopic examination. |
كتابة حجرية |
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Pharyngeal(phon.): articulated with retraction of the root of the tongue and constriction of the pharynx. |
بلعومي |
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Pharyngeal cavity(phon): the cavity of the pharynx that consists of a part continuous anteriorly with the nasal cavity by way of the nasopharynx, apart opening into the oral cavity by way of the isthmus of the fauces, and a part continuous posteriorly with the esophagus and opening into the larynx by way of the epiglottis |
تجويف البلعوم |
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Pharyngealization(phon.): a pronounce with pharyngeal coarticulation. |
بلعمة |
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Pharynx: the tube or cavity, with its surrounding membrane and muscles, that connects the mouth and nasal passages with the esophagus. |
بلعوم |
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Phase of articulation: the tube or cavity, with its surrounding membrane and muscles, that connects the mouth and nasal passages with the esophagus. |
طور النطق |
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Philology: the study of literary texts and of written records, the establishment of their authenticity and their original form, and the determination of their meaning. |
فقه اللغة |
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Phonation(phon.): rapid, periodic opening and closing of the glottis through separation and apposition of the vocal cords that, accompanied by breath under lung pressure, constitutes a source of vocal sound |
. اجهار |
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Phonatory(phon.): rapid, periodic opening and closing of the glottis through separation and apposition of the vocal cords that, accompanied by breath under lung pressure, constitutes a source of vocal sound. |
اجهاري |
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Phone: a sound by language. |
وحدة صوتية |
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Phone tree: a list of phone numbers provided to a group and notification by phone is started by the first person and continued consecutively; a telephone campaign to offer reminders or poll the respondents and also ask the respondents to contact others by phone. |
شجرة صوتية |
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Phonematics: (used with a singular verb |
صوت كلامي |
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Phoneme: any of a small set of units, usually about 20 to 60 in number, and different for each language, considered to be the basic distinctive units of speech sound by which morphemes, words, and sentences are represented. |
Phonemic system: the system of phonemes recognized in a language. |
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Phonemicist: the scientist who studies phonemics. |
عالم الاصوات الوظيفية |
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Phonemics: the study of phonemes and phonemic systems. |
نظام فونيمي |
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Phonestheme: phonesthemes are of critical interest to students of the internal structure of words because they appear to be a case where the internal structure of the word is non-compositional; i.e., a word with a phonestheme in it has other material in it that is not itself a morpheme. |
مجموعة دالة |
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Phonetic: pertaining to speech sounds, their production, or their transcription in written symbols. |
علم الاصوات الوظيفية |
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Phonetic alphabet: an alphabet containing a separate character for each distinguishable speech sound. |
الفباء صوتية |
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Phonetic law: an alphabet containing a separate character for each distinguishable speech sound. |
قانون صوتي |
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Phonetic symbol: a written character used in phonetic transcription of represent a particular speech sound. |
رمز صوتي |
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Phonetic transcription: a transcription intended to represent each distinct speech sound with a separate symbol. |
كتابة صوتية |
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Phonetical: corresponding to pronunciation: phonetic transcription. |
صوتي |
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Phonetician: a specialist in phonetics or in some aspect of phonetics. |
عالم صوتيات |
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Phoneticist: An expert in phonetics. |
خبير صوتيات |
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Phonetics: the science or study of speech sounds and their production, transmission, and reception, and their analysis, classification, and transcription. Compare acoustic phonetics, articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics, physiological phonetics. |
صوتي |
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Phonetization: process of representing sounds by phonetic signs. |
معاوضة كتابية |
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Phoniatrics: the study and treatment of voice disorders. |
علم الصوتيات |
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Predicator: the verbal element of a clause or sentence. |
مسند فعلي |
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Predisposition: the fact or condition of being predisposed: a predisposition to think optimistically. |
علم عيوب النطق |
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Predication: to proclaim; declare; affirm; assert. |
استعداد طبيعي |
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Preference: the act of preferring. |
تنبؤء |
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Prefix(gram.): an affix placed before a base or another prefix, as un- in unkind, un- and re- in unrewarding. |
سابقة |
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Prefixation: to put or attach before or in front of. |
تفضيل |
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Performative(ling.): performing an act by the very fact of being uttered, as with the expression “I promise,” that performs the act of promising. |
اسباق |
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Preposition: any member of a class of words found in many languages that are used before nouns, pronouns, or other substantives to form phrases functioning as modifiers of verbs, nouns, or adjectives, and that typically express a spatial, temporal, or other relationship, as in, on, by, to, since. |
سابقة |
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Prepositional case: a grammatical case that marks the object of a preposition. |
جار |
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Prepositional verb: a combination of verb and preposition, often with idiomatic meaning, differing from other phrasal verbs in that an object must always follow the preposition, as take after in The children take after their mother. |
حالة جر |
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Presbyacusis: a lessening of hearing acuteness resulting from degenerative changes in the ear that occur especially in old age. |
سمع الشيخوخة |
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Prescription: an act of prescribing. |
فعل جر |
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Prespectivist: a writer, teacher, or supporter of prescriptive grammar. |
تقنين |
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Present continuous: a verb form consisting of an auxiliary be in the present tense followed by a present participle and used esp. to indicate that a present action or event is in progress, being repeated, or of a temporary nature or to express the future. |
مضارع متدرج |
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Present participle(gram.): a participle form, in English having the suffix -ing, denoting repetition or duration of an activity or event: used as an adjective, as in the growing weeds, and in forming progressive verb forms, as in The weeds are growing. |
اسم فاعل |
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Present perfect: the tense form consisting of the present tense of have with a past participle and noting that the action of the verb was completed prior to the present, as I have finished. |
صيغة التمام |
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Phonics: a method of teaching reading and spelling based upon the phonetic interpretation of ordinary spelling. |
علم الاصوات |
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Parallelism: the position or relation of parallels. |
تواز |
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PRO (gramm.): a proponent of an issue; a person who upholds the affirmative in a debate. |
حال |
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Procedure (ling.): an act or a manner of proceeding in any action or process; conduct. |
عملية |
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Process (ling.): a systematic series of actions directed to some end: to devise a process for homogenizing milk. |
نهج |
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Probability (ling.): the quality or fact of being probable. |
احتمال |
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Proclitic (gramm.): (of a word) closely connected in pronunciation with the following word and not having an independent accent or phonological status. |
متكئ سابق |
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Productivity (ling.): having the power of producing; generative; creative: a productive effort. |
إنتاجية |
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Prochronism (ling.): a chronological error in which a person, event, etc., is assigned a date earlier than the actual one; prolepsis. |
مفارقة تاريخية |
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Proceleusmatic (poet.): inciting, animating, or inspiring. |
تمديد |
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Prolongation (clin.): the act of prolonging: the prolongation of a line. |
رباعي اللانبر |
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Prominent (phon.): standing out so as to be seen easily; conspicuous; particularly noticeable: Her eyes are her most prominent feature. |
بارز |
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Prolepsis (gramm.): Rhetoric. the anticipation of possible objections in order to answer them in advance. |
توقع |
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Pronoun (gramm.): any member of a small class of words found in many languages that are used as replacements or substitutes for nouns and noun phrases, and that have very general reference, as I, you, he, this, who, what. Pronouns are sometimes formally distinguished from nouns, as in English by the existence of special objective forms, as him for he or me for I, and by nonoccurrence with an article or adjective. |
ضمير |
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proper name (gramm.): a noun that is not normally preceded by an article or other limiting modifier, as any or some, and that is arbitrarily used to denote a particular person, place, or thing without regard to any descriptive meaning the word or phrase may have, as Lincoln, Beth, Pittsburgh. |
اسم العلم |
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Pronunciation (comm.): the act or result of producing the sounds of speech, including articulation, stress, and intonation, often with reference to some standard of correctness or acceptability. |
تلفظ (مج) |
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Pronominal (gramm.): pertaining to, resembling, derived from, or containing a pronoun: “My” in “my book” is a pronominal adjective. “There” is a pronominal adverb. |
ضميري |
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Prompting (psycho.): done, performed, delivered, etc., at once or without delay: a prompt reply. |
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Pronominalization (gramm.): to replace (a noun or noun phrase) with a pronoun. |
تضمير |
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Prominence (phon.): the state of being prominent; conspicuousness. |
بروز |
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Proparoxytone (phon.): having an accent or heavy stress on the antepenultimate syllable. |
حث |
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proper noun (gramm.): a noun that is not normally preceded by an article or other limiting modifier, as any or some, and that is arbitrarily used to denote a particular person, place, or thing without regard to any descriptive meaning the word or phrase may have, as Lincoln, Beth, Pittsburgh. |
اسم العلم |
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Proposition (gramm.): the act of offering or suggesting something to be considered, accepted, adopted, or done. |
منبور ثالثي |
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Prosthesis (phon.): a device, either external or implanted, that substitutes for or supplements a missing or defective part of the body. |
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القضية |
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Protasis (gramm.): the clause expressing the condition in a conditional sentence, in English usually beginning with if. |
إقحام بدئي- إبداء |
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Provincialism (socio.): narrowness of mind, ignorance, or the like, considered as resulting from lack of exposure to cultural or intellectual activity. |
لهجة محلية |
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Proxemics (semio.): Sociology, Psychology. the study of the spatial requirements of humans and animals and the effects of population density on behavior, communication, and social interaction. |
تقاربية |
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Proverb (comm.): a word that can substitute for a verb or verb phrase, as do in They never attend board meetings, but we do regularly. |
مثل |
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Proxy (gramm.): the agency, function, or power of a person authorized to act as the deputy or substitute for another. |
شرط (مج) |
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Pseudepigraphy (comm.): the false ascription of a piece of writing to an author. |
اسم مستعار |
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Pseudonym (comm.): a fictitious name used by an author to conceal his or her identity; pen name. |
نائب |
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Psittacism (comm.): mechanical, repetitive, and meaningless speech. |
ببغائية |
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Psycholinguistics (ling.): the study of the relationship between language and the cognitive or behavioral characteristics of those who use it. |
علم اللغة النفسي (مج) |
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Pun (styl.): the humorous use of a word or phrase so as to emphasize or suggest its different meanings or applications, or the use of words that are alike or nearly alike in sound but different in meaning; a play on words. |
تورية |
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Punctuation (graph.): the practice or system of using certain conventional marks or characters in writing or printing in order to separate elements and make the meaning clear, as in ending a sentence or separating clauses. |
ترقيم |
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punctuation mark (graph.): any of a group of conventional marks or characters used in punctuation, as the period, comma, semicolon, question mark, or dash. |
علامة الترقيم |
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Pure (ling.): free from anything of a different, inferior, or contaminating kind; free from extraneous matter: pure gold; pure water. |
الصفائية (مو) |
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Purism (comm.): strict observance of or insistence on purity in language, style, etc. |
بحث |
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Pyrrhic (poet.): consisting of two short or unaccented syllables. |
بحث |
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Pacing: a rate of activity, progress, growth, performance, etc.; tempo. |
سرعة النطق |
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Paeon: a foot of one long and three short syllables in any order. |
ثلاثي الانبر |
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Paleography: ancient forms of writing, as in documents and inscriptions. |
تدبيجية |
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Palatal(phon.): articulated with the blade of the tongue held close to or touching the hard palate. |
غاري |
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Palatalization: to articulate (a consonant other than a normal palatal) as a palatal or with relatively more contact between the blade of the tongue and the hard palate, as in certain pronunciations of the l-sound in million. |
مغور |
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Palate: the roof of the mouth, consisting of an anterior bony portion (hard palate) and a posterior muscular portion (soft palate) that separate the oral cavity from the nasal cavity. |
غار |
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Palatogram(phon.): a diagram or photograph obtained through palatography. |
رسم غاري |
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Palatography(phon.): a technique for observing the position of the tongue in relation to the palate during articulation, esp. by placing powder or dye on the palate and then noting the area from which it has been removed by the contact of the tongue with the palate during the production of a speech sound. |
غارية |
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Palilalia: a speech defect marked by abnormal repetition of syllables,words, or phrases. |
تأتأة |
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Palilogy: the technique of repeating a word or phrase for emphasis. |
تكرار |
|
Palimpsest: a parchment or the like from which writing has been partially or completely erased to make room for another text. |
رق ممسوح |
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Palindrome: a word, line, verse, number, sentence, etc., reading the same backward as forward, as Madam, I'm Adam or Poor Dan is in a droop. |
جناح عكسي |
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Pangram: a sentence, verse, etc., that includes all the letters of the alphabet. |
جملة شمولية |
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Paracusis(path.): defective hearing. |
اضطراب السمع |
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Paradigm(gram.): a set of forms all of which contain a particular element, esp. the set of all inflected forms based on a single stem or theme. |
جدول |
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Paradox: a statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth. |
تناقض ظاهري |
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Paragoge: the addition of a sound or group of sounds at the end of a word, as in the nonstandard pronunciation of height as height-th or once as once-t. |
إقحام نهائي |
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Paragram: Puns, which he calls paragrams. --Addison. |
تحريف |
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Paragraph: a distinct portion of written or printed matter dealing with a particular idea, usually beginning with an indentation on a new line. |
فقرة |
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Paragraphing: a distinct portion of written or printed matter dealing with a particular idea, usually beginning with an indentation on a new line. |
تفقير |
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Paralanguage: vocal features that accompany speech and contribute to communication but are not generally considered to be part of the language system, as vocal quality, loudness, and tempo: sometimes also including facial expressions and gestures. |
لغة محاذية |
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Paralipsis: vocal features that accompany speech and contribute to communication but are not generally considered to be part of the language system, as vocal quality, loudness, and tempo: sometimes also including facial expressions and gestures. |
اثبات الواضح |
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Parallelism: the position or relation of parallels. |
تواز |
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Parameter: characteristic or factor; aspect; element: a useful parameter for judging long-term success. |
نطاق |
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Paraphasia: aphasia in which the patient uses wrong words or uses wordsor sounds in senseless combinations called also paragrammatism. |
حبسة استبدالية |
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Paraphrase: a restatement of a text or passage giving the meaning in another form, as for clearness; rewording. |
مناقلة |
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Parasynthesis(gramm.): the formation of a word by the addition of a derivational suffix to a phrase or compound, as of greathearted, which is great heart plus -ed. |
اشتقاق زوائيدي |
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Paratactic: the placing together of sentences, clauses, or phrases without a conjunctive word or words, as Hurry up, it is getting late! I came—I saw—I conquered. |
اردافي |
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Parataxis(gram.): the placing together of sentences, clauses, or phrases without a conjunctive word or words, as Hurry up, it is getting late! I came—I saw—I conquered. |
ارداف |
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Parenthesis: either or both of a pair of signs ( ) used in writing to mark off an interjected explanatory or qualifying remark, to indicate separate groupings of symbols in mathematics and symbolic logic, etc. |
فوسان |
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Parlance: a way or manner of speaking; vernacular; idiom: legal parlance. |
رطانة |
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Parole: the conditional release of a person from prison prior to the end of the maximum sentence imposed. |
الكلام |
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Paranomosia: the use of a word in different senses or the use of words similar in sound to achieve a specific effect, as humor or a dual meaning; punning. |
تورية |
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Paronym(gram.): a paronymous word. |
مشترك الجذر |
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Paroxytone: having an acute accent on the next to the last syllable. |
منبور ما قبل الآخر |
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Participle: called variously the present, active, imperfect, or progressive participle, is identical in form to the gerund, and indeed the term present participle is sometimes used to include the gerund. The term gerund-participle is also used. |
اسم فاعل\ مفعول |
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Pasigraph: writing system where each written symbol represents a concept rather than a word or sound or series of sounds in a spoken language. |
كتابة عامة |
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Past continuous: a describing actions and states continued in the past period of time. |
ماض متدرج |
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Past participle: verbs have two participles: |
اسم المفعول |
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- called variously the present, active, imperfect, or progressive participle, is identical in form to the gerund, and indeed the term present participle is sometimes used to include the gerund. The term gerund-participle is also used. |
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- called variously the past, passive, or perfect participle, is usually identical to the verb's preterite (past tense) form, though in irregular verbs the two usually differ. |
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Past perfect: perfective tense that exists in most Indo-European languages, used to refer to an event that has completed before another past action. |
ماض تام |
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Past tense: a verb tense expressing action, activity, state or being in the past of the current moment (in an absolute tense system), or prior to some other event, whether that is past, present, or future (in a relative tense system). |
صيغة الماضي |
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Pastiche: pastiche, work of art that combines themes and styles from various sources in such a way as to appear obviously derivative. |
معارضة |
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Patois: Variety of a language spoken by a group of people and having features of vocabulary, grammar, and/or pronunciation that distinguish it from other varieties of the same language. |
لهجة محلية |
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وقفة\ سكتة |
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portmanteau morph (gramm.): a phonological unit of more than one morpheme, as French au to (him) from a to + le masculine article, which realizes a preposition and the definite article; a single morph that is analyzed as representing two underlying morphemes. |
مورف مزدوج |
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Position (gramm.): condition with reference to place; location; situation. |
موقع |
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positive degree (gramm.): the primary form of an adjective or adverb; denotes a quality without qualification, comparison, or relation to increase or diminution. |
درجة غير مقارنة |
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possessive case (gramm.): the case expressing ownership. |
حالة الملكية |
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Postfix (gramm.): to affix at the end of something; append; suffix. |
لاحقة |
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Postponement (gramm.): to put off to a later time; defer: He has postponed his departure until tomorrow. |
تأخير |
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Postulates (ling.): to ask, demand, or claim. |
مسلمات |
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Potentiality (ling.): the state or quality of being potential |
احتمال |
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. Power (gramm.): ability to do or act; capability of doing or accomplishing something. |
قدرة |
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Powerful (gramm.): having or exerting great power or force. |
قدير |
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pragmatic theory (poet.): the theory of truth that the truth of a statement consists in its practical consequences, esp. in its agreement with subsequent experience. |
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Pragmatics (semio.): Logic, Philosophy. the branch of semiotics dealing with the causal and other relations between words, expressions, or symbols and their users. |
علم الرموز التواصلي |
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prague school (ling.): a school of linguistics emphasizing structure, active in the 1920s and 1930s. |
مدرسة براغ |
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Preadaptation (comm.): a structure or property that developed in an ancestral stock and was useful in a descendant in a changed environment. |
نظرية ذرائعية |
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Precedence (gramm.): act or fact of preceding. |
سبق |
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Précis (app.): a concise summary. |
خلاصة |
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Predicate (gramm.): to proclaim; declare; affirm; assert. |
تكيف طبيعي |
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Predeterminer (gramm.): a member of a subclass of English adjectival words, often quantitative in meaning, that may be placed before an article or other determiner, as all in all the paintings or half in half her salary. |
سابق المحدد |
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primary verbs (gramm.): one of the three verbs, be, do, and have, that can function both as a main verb and an auxiliary verb. |
مسند |
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predicate adjective (gramm.): an adjective used in the predicate, esp. with a copulative verb and attributive to the subject, as in He is dead, or attributive to the direct object, as in It made him sick. |
نعت إسنادي |
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Principal (gramm.): first or highest in rank, importance, value, etc.; chief; foremost. |
مبدل منه |
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principal clause (gramm.): the main clause. |
أفعال رئيسية |
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principal parts (gramm.): a set of inflected forms of a form class from which all the other inflected forms can be derived, as sing, sang, sung; smoke, smoked. |
تصاريف رئيسية |
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Pen name: a name may be used if a writer's real name is likely to be confused with the name of another writer or notable individual, or if their real name is deemed to be unsuitable. |
اسم قلمي |
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Pentastich: a strophe, stanza, or poem consisting of five lines or verses. |
عبارة رئيسية |
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Penult: the next to the last syllable in a word. |
مقطع قبل الأخير |
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Perception: the act or faculty of apprehending by means of the senses or of the mind; cognition; understanding. |
خماسية |
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Perfect aspect: the perfect aspect is variously considered either an aspect or tense that calls a listener's attention to the consequences generated by an action, rather than just the action itself. |
ادراك |
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Perfect rhyme: rhyme of two words spelled or pronounced identically but differing in meaning, as rain, reign; rich rhyme. |
قافية تامة |
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Perfect tense: a tense of verbs used in describing action that has been completed. |
صيغة تامة |
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Perfective aspect: the aspect of a verb that expresses a completed action. |
هيئة التمام |
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Performance(ling.): the actual use of language in real situations, which may or may not fully reflect a speaker's competence, being subject to such nonlinguistic factors as inattention, distraction, memory lapses, fatigue, or emotional state. |
أداء |
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Performance testing: testing conducted to evaluate the compliance of a system or component with specified performance requirements |
اختبا الاداء |
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Period: a full pause, as is made at the end of a complete sentence; full stop. |
جملة أخيرة |
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Periphrasis: the use of an unnecessarily long or roundabout form of expression; circumlocution. |
اطناب |
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Permissible: that can be permitted; allowable: a permissible amount of sentimentality under the circumstances; Such behavior is not permissible! |
مباح |
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Permissive mood: a grammatical mood that indicates that the action is permitted. |
صيغة الاباحة |
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Person: a human being, whether man, woman, or child: The table seats four persons. |
شخص |
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Personal pronoun: any one of the pronouns used to refer to the speaker, or to one or more to or about whom or which he or she is speaking, as, in English, I, we, you, he, she, it, they. |
ضمير شخصي |
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Personification: the attribution of a personal nature or character to inanimate objects or abstract notions, esp. as a rhetorical figure. |
تجسيد |
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Pervasive: the attribution of a personal nature or character to inanimate objects or abstract notions, esp. as a rhetorical figure. |
انبثاث |
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Petroglyph: a drawing or carving on rock, made by a member of a prehistoric people. |
نقش حجري |
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Petrogram: a drawing or painting on rock, esp. one made by a member of a prehistoric people. |
نقش حجري |
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Petrography: the branch of petrology dealing with the description and classification of rocks, esp. by microscopic examination. |
كتابة حجرية |
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Pharyngeal(phon.): articulated with retraction of the root of the tongue and constriction of the pharynx. |
بلعومي |
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Pharyngeal cavity(phon): the cavity of the pharynx that consists of a part continuous anteriorly with the nasal cavity by way of the nasopharynx, apart opening into the oral cavity by way of the isthmus of the fauces, and a part continuous posteriorly with the esophagus and opening into the larynx by way of the epiglottis |
تجويف البلعوم |
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Pharyngealization(phon.): a pronounce with pharyngeal coarticulation. |
بلعمة |
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Pharynx: the tube or cavity, with its surrounding membrane and muscles, that connects the mouth and nasal passages with the esophagus. |
بلعوم |
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Phase of articulation: the tube or cavity, with its surrounding membrane and muscles, that connects the mouth and nasal passages with the esophagus. |
طور النطق |
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Philology: the study of literary texts and of written records, the establishment of their authenticity and their original form, and the determination of their meaning. |
فقه اللغة |
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Phonation(phon.): rapid, periodic opening and closing of the glottis through separation and apposition of the vocal cords that, accompanied by breath under lung pressure, constitutes a source of vocal sound |
. اجهار |
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Phonatory(phon.): rapid, periodic opening and closing of the glottis through separation and apposition of the vocal cords that, accompanied by breath under lung pressure, constitutes a source of vocal sound. |
اجهاري |
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Phone: a sound by language. |
وحدة صوتية |
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Phone tree: a list of phone numbers provided to a group and notification by phone is started by the first person and continued consecutively; a telephone campaign to offer reminders or poll the respondents and also ask the respondents to contact others by phone. |
شجرة صوتية |
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Phonematics: (used with a singular verb |
صوت كلامي |
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Phoneme: any of a small set of units, usually about 20 to 60 in number, and different for each language, considered to be the basic distinctive units of speech sound by which morphemes, words, and sentences are represented. |
Phonemic system: the system of phonemes recognized in a language. |
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Phonemicist: the scientist who studies phonemics. |
عالم الاصوات الوظيفية |
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Phonemics: the study of phonemes and phonemic systems. |
نظام فونيمي |
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Phonestheme: phonesthemes are of critical interest to students of the internal structure of words because they appear to be a case where the internal structure of the word is non-compositional; i.e., a word with a phonestheme in it has other material in it that is not itself a morpheme. |
مجموعة دالة |
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Phonetic: pertaining to speech sounds, their production, or their transcription in written symbols. |
علم الاصوات الوظيفية |
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Phonetic alphabet: an alphabet containing a separate character for each distinguishable speech sound. |
الفباء صوتية |
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Phonetic law: an alphabet containing a separate character for each distinguishable speech sound. |
قانون صوتي |
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Phonetic symbol: a written character used in phonetic transcription of represent a particular speech sound. |
رمز صوتي |
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Phonetic transcription: a transcription intended to represent each distinct speech sound with a separate symbol. |
كتابة صوتية |
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Phonetical: corresponding to pronunciation: phonetic transcription. |
صوتي |
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Phonetician: a specialist in phonetics or in some aspect of phonetics. |
عالم صوتيات |
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Phoneticist: An expert in phonetics. |
خبير صوتيات |
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Phonetics: the science or study of speech sounds and their production, transmission, and reception, and their analysis, classification, and transcription. Compare acoustic phonetics, articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics, physiological phonetics. |
صوتي |
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Phonetization: process of representing sounds by phonetic signs. |
معاوضة كتابية |
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Phoniatrics: the study and treatment of voice disorders. |
علم الصوتيات |
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Predicator: the verbal element of a clause or sentence. |
مسند فعلي |
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Predisposition: the fact or condition of being predisposed: a predisposition to think optimistically. |
علم عيوب النطق |
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Predication: to proclaim; declare; affirm; assert. |
استعداد طبيعي |
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Preference: the act of preferring. |
تنبؤء |
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Prefix(gram.): an affix placed before a base or another prefix, as un- in unkind, un- and re- in unrewarding. |
سابقة |
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Prefixation: to put or attach before or in front of. |
تفضيل |
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Performative(ling.): performing an act by the very fact of being uttered, as with the expression “I promise,” that performs the act of promising. |
اسباق |
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Preposition: any member of a class of words found in many languages that are used before nouns, pronouns, or other substantives to form phrases functioning as modifiers of verbs, nouns, or adjectives, and that typically express a spatial, temporal, or other relationship, as in, on, by, to, since. |
سابقة |
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Prepositional case: a grammatical case that marks the object of a preposition. |
جار |
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Prepositional verb: a combination of verb and preposition, often with idiomatic meaning, differing from other phrasal verbs in that an object must always follow the preposition, as take after in The children take after their mother. |
حالة جر |
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Presbyacusis: a lessening of hearing acuteness resulting from degenerative changes in the ear that occur especially in old age. |
سمع الشيخوخة |
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Prescription: an act of prescribing. |
فعل جر |
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Prespectivist: a writer, teacher, or supporter of prescriptive grammar. |
تقنين |
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Present continuous: a verb form consisting of an auxiliary be in the present tense followed by a present participle and used esp. to indicate that a present action or event is in progress, being repeated, or of a temporary nature or to express the future. |
مضارع متدرج |
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Present participle(gram.): a participle form, in English having the suffix -ing, denoting repetition or duration of an activity or event: used as an adjective, as in the growing weeds, and in forming progressive verb forms, as in The weeds are growing. |
اسم فاعل |
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Present perfect: the tense form consisting of the present tense of have with a past participle and noting that the action of the verb was completed prior to the present, as I have finished. |
صيغة التمام |
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Phonics: a method of teaching reading and spelling based upon the phonetic interpretation of ordinary spelling. |
علم الاصوات |
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Parallelism: the position or relation of parallels. |
تواز |
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PRO (gramm.): a proponent of an issue; a person who upholds the affirmative in a debate. |
حال |
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Procedure (ling.): an act or a manner of proceeding in any action or process; conduct. |
عملية |
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Process (ling.): a systematic series of actions directed to some end: to devise a process for homogenizing milk. |
نهج |
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Probability (ling.): the quality or fact of being probable. |
احتمال |
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Proclitic (gramm.): (of a word) closely connected in pronunciation with the following word and not having an independent accent or phonological status. |
متكئ سابق |
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Productivity (ling.): having the power of producing; generative; creative: a productive effort. |
إنتاجية |
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Prochronism (ling.): a chronological error in which a person, event, etc., is assigned a date earlier than the actual one; prolepsis. |
مفارقة تاريخية |
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Proceleusmatic (poet.): inciting, animating, or inspiring. |
تمديد |
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Prolongation (clin.): the act of prolonging: the prolongation of a line. |
رباعي اللانبر |
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Prominent (phon.): standing out so as to be seen easily; conspicuous; particularly noticeable: Her eyes are her most prominent feature. |
بارز |
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Prolepsis (gramm.): Rhetoric. the anticipation of possible objections in order to answer them in advance. |
توقع |
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Pronoun (gramm.): any member of a small class of words found in many languages that are used as replacements or substitutes for nouns and noun phrases, and that have very general reference, as I, you, he, this, who, what. Pronouns are sometimes formally distinguished from nouns, as in English by the existence of special objective forms, as him for he or me for I, and by nonoccurrence with an article or adjective. |
ضمير |
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proper name (gramm.): a noun that is not normally preceded by an article or other limiting modifier, as any or some, and that is arbitrarily used to denote a particular person, place, or thing without regard to any descriptive meaning the word or phrase may have, as Lincoln, Beth, Pittsburgh. |
اسم العلم |
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Pronunciation (comm.): the act or result of producing the sounds of speech, including articulation, stress, and intonation, often with reference to some standard of correctness or acceptability. |
تلفظ (مج) |
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Pronominal (gramm.): pertaining to, resembling, derived from, or containing a pronoun: “My” in “my book” is a pronominal adjective. “There” is a pronominal adverb. |
ضميري |
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Prompting (psycho.): done, performed, delivered, etc., at once or without delay: a prompt reply. |
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Pronominalization (gramm.): to replace (a noun or noun phrase) with a pronoun. |
تضمير |
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Prominence (phon.): the state of being prominent; conspicuousness. |
بروز |
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Proparoxytone (phon.): having an accent or heavy stress on the antepenultimate syllable. |
حث |
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proper noun (gramm.): a noun that is not normally preceded by an article or other limiting modifier, as any or some, and that is arbitrarily used to denote a particular person, place, or thing without regard to any descriptive meaning the word or phrase may have, as Lincoln, Beth, Pittsburgh. |
اسم العلم |
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Proposition (gramm.): the act of offering or suggesting something to be considered, accepted, adopted, or done. |
منبور ثالثي |
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Prosthesis (phon.): a device, either external or implanted, that substitutes for or supplements a missing or defective part of the body. |
القضية |
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Protasis (gramm.): the clause expressing the condition in a conditional sentence, in English usually beginning with if. |
إقحام بدئي- إبداء |
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Provincialism (socio.): narrowness of mind, ignorance, or the like, considered as resulting from lack of exposure to cultural or intellectual activity. |
لهجة محلية |
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Proxemics (semio.): Sociology, Psychology. the study of the spatial requirements of humans and animals and the effects of population density on behavior, communication, and social interaction. |
تقاربية |
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Proverb (comm.): a word that can substitute for a verb or verb phrase, as do in They never attend board meetings, but we do regularly. |
مثل |
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Proxy (gramm.): the agency, function, or power of a person authorized to act as the deputy or substitute for another. |
شرط (مج) |
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Pseudepigraphy (comm.): the false ascription of a piece of writing to an author. |
اسم مستعار |
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Pseudonym (comm.): a fictitious name used by an author to conceal his or her identity; pen name. |
نائب |
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Psittacism (comm.): mechanical, repetitive, and meaningless speech. |
ببغائية |
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Psycholinguistics (ling.): the study of the relationship between language and the cognitive or behavioral characteristics of those who use it. |
علم اللغة النفسي (مج) |
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Pun (styl.): the humorous use of a word or phrase so as to emphasize or suggest its different meanings or applications, or the use of words that are alike or nearly alike in sound but different in meaning; a play on words. |
تورية |
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Punctuation (graph.): the practice or system of using certain conventional marks or characters in writing or printing in order to separate elements and make the meaning clear, as in ending a sentence or separating clauses. |
ترقيم |
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punctuation mark (graph.): any of a group of conventional marks or characters used in punctuation, as the period, comma, semicolon, question mark, or dash. |
علامة الترقيم |
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Pure (ling.): free from anything of a different, inferior, or contaminating kind; free from extraneous matter: pure gold; pure water. |
الصفائية (مو) |
